1 Mission Summary 8
1.1 Context of this design exercise 8
1.2 Summary of mission characteristics 8
1.3 Key Assumptions 9
1.4 Top Level Requirements 9
2 Systems Engineering and Integration 9
2.1 Overview 10
2.2 Key Assumptions 10
2.3 Design Philosophy 10
2.4 Foldouts 11
3 Mars Environment and In-Situ Resource Utilization 11
3.1 Mars Environment Overview 11
3.2 Mars Environment Parameters 11
3.3 Future Considerations 17
4 In-Situ Resource Utilization 17
4.1 Level 2 Requirements 17
4.2 Interface Design 19
4.3 Operations 21
4.4 Summary of ISPP Plant Designs and Processes 21
4.5 Benefits of ISRU for Future Missions 26
4.6 Additional Martian Resources – Water and Soil 26
4.7 Verification of Requirements 27
4.8 Future Considerations 28
5 Structures Subsystem 28
5.1 Overview 28
5.2 Level 2 Requirements 28
5.3 Input/Output Diagram 29
5.4 Design and Assumptions 29
5.5 Verification of Requirements 42
6 Electrical Power Distribution and Allocation Subsystem 45
6.1 Overview 45
6.2 Design and Assumptions 48
6.3 Verification of Requirements 52
6.4 Future Considerations: 54
7 Environmental Control and Life Support Subsystem 54
7.1 Overview 54
7.2 Requirements 56
7.3 Atmosphere Subsystem 57
7.4 Water Subsystem 65
7.5 Waste Subsystem 75
7.6 Food Subsystem 78
7.7 Integrated System 83
7.8 Conclusion 92
8 Thermal Control Subsystem 93
8.1 Requirements 93
8.2 Overview of Design Process 94
8.3 Thermal Subsystem Design 96
8.4 Verification of Requirements 101
8.5 Failure Modes Effects Analysis 103
8.6 Future Considerations 104
9 Crew Accommodations 105
9.1 Crew Accommodations Overview 105
9.2 Crew Accommodations Design and Assumptions 108
9.3 Crew Accommodations Verification of Requirements 117
9.4 Crew Accommodations Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 119
9.5 Crew Accommodations Conclusions 121
10 Command, Control, and Communication Subsystem 122
10.1 Overview 122
10.2 Design and Assumptions 123
10.3 Verification of Requirements 140
11 Robotics and Automation Systems and Interfaces 141
11.1 Overview 141
11.2 Design and Assumptions 143
11.3 Verification of Requirements 147
12 Extravehicular Activity Interfaces Subsystem 148
12.1 Overview 148
12.2 Design and Assumptions 154
12.3 Requirements Verification 165
13 Management Plan 168
13.1 Overview 168
13.2 Schedule 169
14 Conclusions 171
14.1 Design Summary 171
14.2 Key Design Drivers 172
14.3 Key Challenges 173
15 Appendix A: Review of Mars Exploration Past, Present, and Future 174
15.1 Mars 1960 A/B, USSR (Tim Lloyd) 174
15.2 Mars 1, USSR (Tim Lloyd) 174
15.3 Sputnik 24, USSR (Keagan Rowley) 174
15.4 Zond 2/3, USSR (Tim Lloyd) 175
15.5 Mars 1969 A/B, USSR (Jen Uchida) 175
15.6 Cosmos 419, USSR (Keagan Rowley) 176
15.7 Mars 2/3, USSR (Meridee Silbaugh) 176
15.8 Mars 4, 5, 6, 7, USSR (Meridee Silbaugh) 178
15.9 The Viking Project, USA (Heather Chluda) 179
15.10 Phobos 1/2, USSR (Tim Lloyd) 182
15.11 Mars Observer, USA (Eric Schleicher) 183
15.12 Mars 96, Russia (Keagan Rowley) 184
15.13 Mars Global Surveyor, USA (Eric Schleicher) 186
15.14 Mars Climate Orbiter, USA (Nancy Kungsakawin) 188
15.15 Mars Polar Lander, USA (Teresa Ellis) 189
15.16 2001 Mars Odyssey, USA (Nancy Kungsakawin) 190
15.17 Nozomi, Japan (Jen Uchida) 191
15.18 Mars Express, ESA (Teresa Ellis) 193
15.19 Mars Exploration Rovers, USA (Dax Matthews) 194
15.20 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, USA (Meridee Silbaugh) 196
15.21 Review of Mars Direct: A proposal by Robert Zubrin (Tyman Stephens) 197
15.22 Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team (Keith Morris) 202
15.23 Mars Excursion Module, ESA Aurora Student Design Project (Juniper Jairala) 204
15.24 NASA AIM (Christie Sauers) 209
15.25 The Mars Society (Christie Sauers) 210
16 Appendix B: Acronyms 213
17 Appendix C: Mars Environment Information Sheet 213
17.1 Gravity 213
17.2 Orbital Characteristics 213
17.3 Atmosphere 214
17.4 Temperature 216
17.5 Solar Flux 218
17.6 Radiation 218
17.7 Wind 219
17.8 Soil Properties 219
17.9 Mars Fact Sheet 220
18 Appendix D: References 222
19 Appendix D: Acknowledgements 227